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Introduction
Every revolution starts with a decision. In 1848 five women made a very important decision at the tea table; a decision that sparked a movement among women to fight for their rights and gender equality, which were not secured to them by the Declaration of Independence. The fire that burned for women’s rights did not begin in 1848, but it was refueled when they decided to hold a convention to discuss the rights of women. According to Ellen Carol DuBois’s book Feminism and Suffrage “the Seneca Falls Convention was consciously intended to initiate a broader movement for the emancipation of women” (23). It inspired generations to continue their work. The Seneca Falls Women's Convention was the most critical event of the 19th century Women's Rights Movement because it called awareness to the unequal treatment of American women, determined a set of rights for which to fight, and made people realize the unfulfilled responsibility of the government to its citizens.
Reform in the early 1800’s
According to an article published in the newspaper, Oneida Whig, the early 1800s were the prime time to demand reform. People of all ethnicities and economic classes were trying to change industries, institutions, laws, and mindsets. It is stated on the W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. website that 100 utopian communities were set up in the early 1800s alone because they all thought they knew the key to a perfect world. Everyone had different ideas for reform. New religions were started; jails, poorhouses, asylums, and orphanages were created; people wanted the school system altered; masses protested against slavery; the temperance movement was in full swing. Men were not the only ones fighting these changes; women fought too. Among them were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, two adamant supporters of abolition. Soon these women and others realized that women’s rights needed updating as well.
The 1848 Seneca Falls Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were responsible for the idea of the first women’s rights convention. The idea was planted in their heads when they met at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. Stanton and Mott could not speak at the convention as women were not allowed to speak publicly at events attended by men. At the slavery convention Mott and Stanton spent a lot of time together and talked a lot about women’s rights. Before they left London, they promised they would start a women’s rights group.
Their idea did not take flight for eight years due to Stanton’s ever-changing home life and Mott’s continuous anti-slavery work. It took until the Stantons moved from busy Boston to sleepy Seneca Falls that Stanton fully turned back to her women’s rights group promise. Stanton sat down with Mott and four other ladies to discuss the idea of holding a convention for women and that night they drew up an advertisement. According to their advertisement “Seneca Falls Convention”, which was printed in the local newspaper Seneca County Courier, the purpose of the convention was “to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman”. These women were not ones to be kept waiting; the advertisement was printed the next day and the convention was held five days later.
According to the Encyclopedia of New York State the convention was held on July 19-20 at Wesleyan Methodist Church. Two hundred women and forty men gathered to hear speeches given by organizers and the reading of the Declaration of Sentiments (History.com). The National Women’s History Museum website exhibits the Declaration of Sentiments, a document written by Stanton alluding to the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Sentiments contained 12 resolutions about equality and unfair laws against women. The next day all the resolutions passed including the controversial 9th resolution which called for the women to have the right to vote. According to the Huffington Post the ninth resolution passed narrowly even after speeches by Stanton and famous abolitionist Frederick Douglass defended it. Sixty-eight women and thirty two men that signed the The Declaration of Sentiments (National Park Service). The Seneca Falls Convention was held in a local church and the only advertisement was in a local newspaper, but that small meeting caught the attention of a whole nation (Burgan, 9).
Calling Awareness to Inequality
The Seneca Falls Convention called awareness to the unequal treatment of women because women were able to discuss their unfair treatment in a public place. Most men and, surprisingly, a lot of women did not see women’s rights and equality as something to even think about. In her speech at the Seneca Falls Convention Stanton said “the most discouraging, the most lamentable aspect our cause wears is the indifference, indeed, the contempt, with which women themselves regard the movement”. Women gave up their rights because most of them had believed for their whole lives they did not have any power and that they did not deserve any; therefore, any women who actually believed in the fight for rights and dared speak to anyone else about such thoughts would more often than not be ridiculed by others. “They [supporters of women’s rights] did all this against an avalanche of hostility and ridicule that today’s young militants can scarcely imagine. Every institution - government, church, press, school - was angrily or scornfully against them “ said Miriam Gurko in her book The Ladies of Seneca Falls (8). The convention gave women a team of people that felt the same way they did about women’s rights.
According to the paper “The Birth of the Women’s Rights Movement in Seneca County”, 43% of newspaper articles were critical of the convention and 29% supported these women (28% were neutral). While supporters were not impossible to find, the critics often spoke louder. Newspapers like Mechanics’ Mutual Protection put down such notions as women’s equality calling them “ridiculous” and “scandalous”. One newspaper called the convention “ [a] mass of corruption, heresies, ridiculous nonsense, and reeking vulgarities which these bad women have vomited forth the past three days” (Gurko, 10). Despite these negative comments it says on the National Portrait Gallery website Stanton was happy for the publicity because it drew attention to women’s rights.
By having met people who also supported women’s rights, suffragists were able to battle back. “In the face of such obstacles, the major resource on which women’s rights activists drew to support themselves and advance their cause was one another” (Lasser and Robertson, 28). When attending Oberlin College two women’s rights activists Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown turned to one another and supported each other against harassment by teachers and other students (DuBois, 29). Other newspapers like Oneida Whig and The North Star supported the convention and women’s rights. The North Star called the convention “one of the most interesting events of the week”. According to the National Park Service, groups like the Quakers also took part in the convention. In fact, twenty two Quakers signed the Declaration of Sentiments (National Park Service).
Having supporters inspired attendees. In response, two weeks later another meeting was held in Rochester, NY and in the next few years conventions spread across the country. Many women also started campaigns and raised money to support their cause (Gurko, 107,179-180). In the words of Gurko, “one by one these horrifying propositions [about women’s equality] gradually seemed less outrageous” (206). The Seneca Falls Convention united women to fight together for a wonderful cause: the rights of their mothers, their daughters, and themselves.
A New Set of Rights to Fight For
The Seneca Falls Convention determined a set of rights to women to advocate for. Previously women wanted to fight for many different rights; the convention solidified what social and political rights women wanted to fight for the most. Many women wanted rights, but they didn’t know how much to demand or what to ask for. At the time women couldn’t sign contracts, make a will, or sue in a court of law. Women could have their property sold without consent, their wages could be kept, and their own children could be taken from them. Preaching, speaking in public, and pursuing higher learning were all unacceptable (Gurko, 8-14). Everyone had different ideas about what to ask for first.
The Seneca Falls Convention solved this issue with the Declaration of Sentiments. In fact, the Huffington Post called the Declaration of Sentiments “the nation's most important historical documents advocating women's rights”. The document set twelve standards to advocate for. One resolution said men could not claim superiority over women . Another declared the same amount of delicacy and virtue required of women should be required of men. Women also demanded to be recognized as equals under God, acknowledge the injustices done to them, and not be satisfied with their current condition. The most controversial resolution said that it’s the duty of women to participate in voting (Declaration of Sentiments). The passing of the 9th resolution caused some of the ridicule about the convention, but it ended up being the cornerstone that led to the 19th amendment (Britannica School High). Together women went after these standards and they started to see results. “In the mid-1850’s state legislatures began to respond favorably to women’s lobbying and petition efforts for reforms in property law. By 1860, fourteen states had passed some form of women’s property rights legislation.” (DuBois, 41). In 1869, Wyoming gave women the right to vote followed by Utah. Without the Declaration of Sentiments, women wouldn’t have made the progress they did because they wouldn’t have had those common goals they had established back in 1848.
Unfulfilled Responsibility
The Seneca Falls Convention made Americans realize the unfulfilled responsibility of the government to its citizens because the Constitution did not give equality and freedom to all as promised. In colonial times, women were treated with respect. The modern conveniences of the mid 1800’s had not been invented yet. Men needed all the help they could get; women were vital to making the colonies run properly. Women were not thought fragile and helpless. They couldn’t be those things when they were needed to help produce food, clothing, soap, and candles. Women often did the cooking, cleaning, laundry, caring for and teaching the children, preparing machines, canning food, doctoring, baking bread, and spinning or weaving materials. Women were highly respected back then; in some colonies, women could even vote. This changed in 1776 when America gained independence. Countrywide laws were now put in place and rights for women were not brought up (Gurko, 22-24). Women could not have a trial by jury of peers because women were not allowed to serve on juries. The government expected them to follow the laws but they had no part in creating them. The government denied them the right to control their property or earnings. The colonies fought taxation without representation in the Revolutionary War, but once they won independence, they did the same thing to women, who made up half the country’s population. In 1776, Abigail Adams said in a letter to her husband John Adams “I cannot say that I think you are very generous to the ladies; for while you are proclaiming peace and good-will to men, emancipating all nations, you insist upon retaining an absolute power over wives” (Gurko, 24-25).
The Seneca Falls Convention inspired women to fight back against the limits set for them by the government. These limits had been accepted by men and most women for 72 years. With all the conventions and campaigns occurring in the late 1840’s and early 1850’s people started to hear about women’s rights regularly. Many scoffed at such an idea, but others recognized the unfulfilled responsibility of the government to its women and they fought for rights. The founders of America claimed they wanted democracy, equality, liberty, rights, and opportunity and they had provided that… to white property-owning men, but not to their mothers, sisters, and daughters. The Seneca Falls Convention created an uproar that made people realize how unequally women were treated under the Constitution of the United States of America.
How Far Women’s Rights Has Come
Since 1848 American women have been able to become lawyers, doctors, police officers, and pastors. Not only have more positions become open to women, but women received the right to vote, own property, control their own money, sign contracts, sue in a court of law, and make a will. In 1963, the Equal Pay Act, which assured that females would receive the same pay as males would receive doing the same work, was passed. The following year sex discrimination was banned in the workplace. Title IX passed in 1972 stating that students would not be denied participating in any school activities because of their gender. Two years later women were permitted into U.S. Military Academies. This state of women’s rights is a drastic change from the conditions women faced in the mid 1800’s and the Declaration of Sentiments at Seneca Falls initiated it.
The Ongoing Fight
Despite these changes women are still fighting injustices. In the documentary Miss Representation it is described how women are treated like objects in the media; therefore, they start to see themselves that way. Women are portrayed as the same basic archetypes in most TV shows and movies. Females are rarely protagonists; only 16% of protagonists in films are women. Media and advertising aren’t the only places injustice can be found; just look at the government. Women are 50% of the population, yet they only make up 17% of Congress. While there have been 34 female governors, there have been 2,285 more male governors. Countries like China, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Cuba have more women in government than “the land of opportunity”.
Women have also seen injustice when it comes to wages. On average, women earn 77 cents for every dollar men earn. While women are able to obtain many more jobs than they did 165 years ago, they are rarely found at the top of a company. The fact is only 5.8% of TV stations and 6% of radio stations are owned by women. Women only hold 3% of clout positions in telecommunications, entertainment, publishing, and advertising. While there are many actresses out there, only 7% of directors and 10% of writers are females (Miss Representation). So while a lot of progress has been made since the first women’s rights convention, there is still a lot more progress to be made before women reach equality with men.
Want to know more? Check out these sources...
- An Incredible Book - I would seriously LOVE to borrow it to you
- Gurko, Miriam. The Ladies of Seneca Falls. New York: Schocken Books, 1974. Book.
- The Most Mind Blowing and Thought Provoking Documentary I Have Ever Seen - it's on Netflix so check it out
- Miss Representation. Jennifer Siebel Newsom. Virgil Films, 2011. Film.
- Blog Post
- MacNamara, Elisabeth. “165 Years Since Seneca Falls: Continuing to Organize for Equality.” Huffpost Women. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 17 July 2013.
- Historical Documents and Reports
- "Address Delivered at Seneca Falls." TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Ashland University.
- “Declaration of Sentiments.” National Women’s History Museum. National Women’s History Museum, 2007.
- “Report of the Woman’s Rights Convention.” National Park Service. National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior.
- “The Rights of Women.” The North Star [Rochester, NY], 28 July 1848. Print. Found on Library of Congress website.
- “Women out of their Latitude.” Mechanics’ Mutual Protection [Albany, NY] n.d. Print. Found on Library of Congress website.
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